Present Simple (Presente Simple):

• Basic present tense used for habitual actions, general truths, and permanent situations.
• Regular verbs: conjugation patterns for -ar, -er, and -ir verbs.
• Irregular verbs: common irregular verbs in the present tense.
• Affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.

Present Continuous (Presente Continuo):

• Expressing actions happening right now.
• Formation: present tense of the verb “estar” + gerund (-ando/-iendo form of the main verb).

Present Perfect (Presente Perfecto):

• Actions that started in the past and continue into the present or have just been completed.
• Formation: present tense of the verb “haber” + past participle of the main verb.

Present Perfect Continuous (Presente Perfecto Continuo):

• Actions that began in the past and continue up to the present moment.
• Formation: present tense of the verb “haber” + “estado” + gerund of the main verb.

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous:

• Differences between the two present tenses and when to use each one.
• Emphasizing routines and habits (present simple) vs. current actions (present continuous).

Present Simple vs. Present Perfect:

• Distinguishing between ongoing habits (present simple) and completed actions with relevance to the present (present perfect).

Present Perfect vs. Past Simple:

• Understanding the difference between completed actions with present relevance (present perfect) and actions with a specific past time (past simple).

Present Continuous vs. Present Perfect Continuous:

• Identifying ongoing actions in the present (present continuous) and actions that began in the past and continue to the present (present perfect continuous).

Stative Verbs in the Present:

• Verbs that are not typically used in continuous tenses due to their state-like nature.

Present Indefinite (Presente Indefinido):

• The Spanish simple present tense used in some regions for certain situations.

Present Subjunctive (Presente de Subjuntivo):

• Introduction to the subjunctive mood in the present tense, expressing doubt, desire, emotions, etc.
• Regular and irregular verb conjugations in the present subjunctive.

Present Subjunctive vs. Present Indicative:

• Understanding the difference between the subjunctive and indicative moods in the present tense.

Present Imperative (Presente de Imperativo):

• Giving commands or instructions using the present tense.

Present Continuous Subjunctive (Presente de Subjuntivo Continuo):

• Forming the continuous subjunctive to express ongoing desires or wishes.

Present Perfect Subjunctive (Presente de Subjuntivo Perfecto):

• Using the subjunctive mood for completed actions with relevance to the present.

Present Perfect Subjunctive vs. Past Perfect Subjunctive:

• Differentiating between the present and past perfect subjunctive tenses.

Common Expressions in the Present Tenses:

• Phrases, idioms, and expressions commonly used in the present tenses.